Abstract

Sanctions were defined by Oppenheim as ‘injurious and otherwise internationally illegal acts of a state against another as are exceptionally permitted for the purpose of compelling the latter to consent to a satisfactory settlement of a difference created by its own international delinquency’. Sanctions are said to be collective when carried out in the setting of an international institution, eg the United Nations. On the other hand, they are said to be unilateral when carried out outside of an international institutionalised setting. Sanctions can involve different types of actions, eg political or economic. This chapter will focus specifically on economic sanctions imposed outside of an institutional setting (unilateral economic sanctions) . Recently, there has been a marked increase in the imposition of such unilateral economic sanctions by some states, eg US sanctions on Iran and Saudi coalition led sanctions on Qatar.

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