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Abstract
There is a widely held view that sanctions imposed by an international organisation or a coalition of countries are much more likely to have a significant impact than unilateral measures: It is well known that the widest possible implementation of economic sanctions is a precondition to their effectiveness … Quite simply, the more States that implement a specific thread of economic sanctions, the smaller the potential for the State target to circumvent the measures by turning to other partners and markets. As a result, single-State sanctions should be weaker than sanctions imposed by a group of States. It would seem that unilateral sanctions are necessarily limited in both their scope and impact: when a single country denies the target country access to a single market, that seems very different from multilateral sanctions, or sanctions imposed by a body of global governance. The economic consequences will be less; and...