Abstract

Since the spring of 2011, international and regional actors have imposed a wide range of comprehensive sanctions on Syria, as well as targeted sanctions on individuals linked to the Assad government. Starting from May 2011, the European Union launched a set of sanctions aimed at putting pressure on the Assad regime and thereby inducing a change in its condemnable behaviour. While the EU’s different sanctions and embargoes have had a negative impact on the Syrian economy, the targeted members of the Syrian elite have – to a certain degree – been able to circumvent the individual sanctions, principally with the help of Russian and Iranian intermediaries. In addition, although the sanctions regime has been prolonged, its effectiveness – as measured by the degree of compliance by the Syrian authorities – has been undermined by a series of developments that have hindered progress.

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